Instructions
Objective:Select a publication or a newspaper article on a pathogen, apply knowledge learned in BIOS242, and write a paper.
The goal for this project is:
to make connections between concepts learned in the course and what is observed in a health care setting
to understand real-life applications of Microbiology
Project Parameters:For this assignment, you will identify a pathogen in a newspaper article or publication of your choice, apply principles learned in BIOS 242, and research the pathogen for its connection to nursing/health care. You must get approval for your chosen article and pathogen. You will then write a paper on their chosen pathogen/topic. Use the template hyperlinked above when writing your paper.
The pathogen can be a bacteria, fungus, protozoa, or virus. In addition to the article, information to include in the paper should include, morphology, gram stain characteristics, virulence factors, susceptibility to antibiotics, host cells, nutritional needs, growth conditions, mechanisms used to evade the immune system and invasion into the host(s), interactions with the hosts and diseases caused and affected body systems. Additionally, students should explain symptoms when the pathogen infects a host, as well as a diagnosis and the therapeutic intervention needed after infection. You may also add information on statistics related to infection (epidemiology) and any new research findings related to the pathogen.
Requirements
Writing Requirements (APA format)
Length: 2 pages (not including title page or references page)
1-inch margin
Double spaced
12-point Times New Roman font
Title page
References page (minimum of 2 scholarly sources
1
RUNNING HEADER
TITLE
NAME
CHAMBERLAIN UNIVERSITY
DATE
Abstract
Overall summary of the most important details of the article summary and pathogen information. (5-7 sentences)
Article Summary
Summary of approved article in your own words (5-7 sentences)
Pathogen Information
Classification of microorganism- Domain- prokaryote or eukaryote or virus, general characteristics of the family and genus to which this pathogen belongs- for example virus can have different extra cellular or intracellular forms, bacteria can be endospore forming, capsule producing, eukaryotes can have another host. Include how it relates to the information covered in class- which chap number and what was taught.
Cellular/ structural (in case of viruses) characteristics. Add information here about morphology, cellular characteristics, genome (RNA or DNA in case of viruses) and gram stain characteristics, virulence factors. Explain why this information is important. Include how it relates to the information covered in class- which chap number and what was taught.
Susceptibility to antibiotics/ antiviral or antifungals. Describe the class of antimicrobial drug, and why they are effective in destroying these microbes and why is this particular drug more effective based on their structure. What is the mode of action for viral or eukaryotic infection? Antibiotic resistance can also be described here, if applicable to the organism. Include how it relates to the information covered in class- which chap number and what was taught.
Growth conditions. Host cells, nutritional needs, growth conditions. Use the relevant vocabulary discussed in this class: nutritional needs – phototroph, chemotroph, autotroph, heterotroph; growth conditions- barophile, halophile, psychrophile, etc. pathogen like mammals, birds, reptiles or secondary hosts in protozoan parasites. Types of life cycle- lytic or latent. Include how it relates to the information covered in class- which chap number and what was taught.
Evasion of immune system. Describe how it evades the immune system and mode of invasion into the host(s). This should be related to the virulence factors described in cellular characteristics. Include how it relates to the information covered in class- which chap number and what was taught.
Disease(s) caused, symptoms, diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions. Describe interactions with the hosts and diseases caused and body systems that are affected; description of symptoms when the pathogen infects a host; and diagnosis used in clinical setting to identify infection, the principle of dignostic technique and therapeutic intervention needed. Include how it relates to the information covered in class- which chap number and what was taught.
THE ABOVE INFORMATION SHOULD BE 2 PAGES LONG
References
Reference 1 in the current APA format.
Reference 2 in the current APA format.
,
Disease
Causative Agent
Virulence Factors of the Pathogen
Symptoms
Transmission
Dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease
Streptococcus mutans a frequent cause of caries
Porphyromonas gingivalis causes periodontal disease.
Dextran and pili allow biofilm formation on tooth.
Proteases break down gingival tissue.
Caries: holes or pits in the teeth
Periodontal disease: swollen or bleeding gums, gums that are tender to the touch and appear shiny, or gums that appear bright red or red-purple in color, with loose teeth and a foul breath odor.
Diets high in sucrose increase risk of decay.
Peptic Ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
Flagella enable burrowing through stomach lining.
Adhesins facilitate attachment to gastric cells
Urease neutralizes stomach acid.
Abdominal pain
Fecal-oral transmission likely. Stress may worsen ulcer symptoms
Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Presence of bacteria in the stomach
No particular virulence factors
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and cramps
Dysentery produces loose, frequent stool containing mucus and blood.
Associated with contaminated food or water and poor living conditions
Traveler’s Diarrhea
Escherichia coli
Enterotoxins, adhesins, fimbriae, and various toxins (e.g., Shiga-like toxin), Type III secretion system
Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting
Fecally contaminated food or water
Campylobacter Diarrhea
Campylobacter jejuni (most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis)
Adhesins, cytotoxins, endotoxin
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and cramps
Dysentery produces loose, frequent stool containing mucus and blood.
Confirmed by presence of bacteria in the stool
Chickens are the main source of human infections.
C. diff. (Antimicrobial-Associated) Diarrhea
Clostridium difficile
Antimicrobial use facilitates overgrowth of C. difficile
C. difficile produces two toxins: Toxin A and Toxin B
Watery, foul-smelling bowel movements
Pseudomembranous colitis occurs in severe cases
Byproduct of modern medicine
Any antimicrobial can trigger disease.
Salmonellosis and Typhoid Fever
Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium
Bacteria tolerate acidity of stomach and pass to the intestine.
Toxins disrupt numerous cellular activities.
High fever (40°C), headache, muscle and stomach pain, malaise, loss of appetite, rose-colored spots
Typhoid fever acquired by contaminated food or water
Salmonellosis often acquired by consuming contaminated eggs
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Cholera toxin
Type III secretion system
Shiga toxin
“Rice-water” stool
Fecally contaminated water
Bacterial Food Poisoning (Intoxication)
Staphylococcus aureus
Five enterotoxins
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramping
Outbreaks associated with social functions
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