In which section of a scientific article would the author provide the details about participants, materials, and procedures?a.referencesb.abstractc.introductiond.method1 pointsQUESTION 2The tendency to seek out evidence that upholds our beliefs and overlook information that contradicts them is called:a.the confirmation bias.b.the “bystander effect.”c.critical thinking.d.the hindsight bias.1 pointsQUESTION 3In order to think critically about whether opposites attract, a student will need to _____ to determine whether opposites refer to personalities, interests, ethnic backgrounds, educational levels, or socioeconomic statuses.a.keep an open mindb.think deeplyc.emotionally reflectd.be skeptical1 pointsQUESTION 4The most important lesson the authors hope to impart to you through the use of their textbook is:a.that psychology matters to all of us.b.that psychology is only about therapy.c.that all psychologists do research.d.to decide to major in psychology.1 pointsQUESTION 5Simon is at a graduation party and he notices a young woman who appears to be unconscious on the ground. Since there are many other people at the party, Simon:a.will help the person only if he knows the exact circumstances rendering her unconscious.b.knows that the “bystander effect” will make it less likely for others to offer help.c.immediately rushes to offer assistance since people will notice his heroism.d.knows that the “bystander effect” will make it more likely for others to offer help.1 pointsQUESTION 6Dr. Miguel is in his first year of teaching. He knows that to enhance student learning, he should give:a.a midterm and final.b.one exam at the end of the term.c.weekly quizzes.d.an exam once a month.1 pointsQUESTION 7Highlighting is an effective study strategy if you:a.focus on studying only the highlighted passages.b.highlight during your second read-through.c.highlight during your first read-through.d.highlight both main and secondary ideas.1 pointsQUESTION 8Charlotte is an educator who is investigating the belief that people have different learning styles, such as “visual” or “auditory.” In reading psychological research on the topic, she discovers that:a.auditory learners retain information better when it is presented so that they can hear it.b.there is no research evidence indicating that people have specific learning styles.c.knowing people’s learning styles can maximize educators’ teaching effectiveness.d.visual learners retain information better when it is presented in ways that they can see.1 pointsQUESTION 9The impression that psychological findings are obvious might be related to _____, or the “I knew it all along” feeling.a.the “bystander effect”b.the hindsight biasc.critical thinkingd.the confirmation bias1 pointsQUESTION 10Jackie and Tiffany are talking about their newborn babies. Jackie mentioned that she has been playing Mozart and other classical music for her infant. Tiffany, who is currently taking a psychology class, tells Jackie:a.“There is actually no solid evidence to suggest that playing Mozart makes babies smarter.”b.“You should also add some rock and roll music!”c.“That is a great idea! I have heard that it makes babies smarter.”d.“Who is Mozart?”1 pointsQUESTION 11Taytiana is attempting to replicate a study by Kushlev and colleagues (2020) on how increases in happiness might affect health. The hypothesis of Kushlev’s experiment is that participating in a program designed to increase happiness will:a.lead to improvements in physical health.b.also lead to an increase in lung capacity.c.result in a decrease in body weight.d.lead to improvements in mental health.1 pointsQUESTION 12The continuing cycle of exploration, critical thinking, and systematic observation that psychologists use to conduct research is called:a.informed consent.b.common sense.c.the scientific method.d.educated guessing.1 pointsQUESTION 13Bzdok and Dunbar (2020) found that the tighter someone is embedded in a network of friends, the less likely they are to become ill. This is an example of:a.no correlation.b.an experiment.c.a negative correlation.d.a positive correlation.1 pointsQUESTION 14Dr. Ingram deliberately varied the sequence of items on a list and later measured participants’ ability to recall the items. Dr. Ingram conducted a(n) _____ study.a.correlationalb.experimentalc.observationald.naturalistic1 pointsQUESTION 15A research study using naturalistic observation entails:a.the systematic, detailed study of a single individual.b.the manipulation of an independent variable.c.asking a sample of individuals a set of questions.d.examining behavior in the setting where it typically occurs.1 pointsQUESTION 16A study conducted by Berry and colleagues (2015) had researchers sitting quietly inside bathroom stalls on a university campus using stopwatches to measure how long people spent using the facilities and washing their hands. It was found that most men and women washed their hands after using the toilet, but only about half of the men washed their hands after using the urinal. This is an example of what kind of descriptive research technique?a.case studyb.naturalistic observationc.correlational methodd.experiment1 pointsQUESTION 17Psychology is the scientific study of:a.behavior but not mental processes.b.behavior and mental processes.c.mental disorders and their treatments.d.mental processes but not behavior.1 pointsQUESTION 18In focusing on their almost identical DNA as the explanation for many of Sam and Anas’ similarities, Dr. Segal is using the _____ perspective.a.evolutionaryb.behavioralc.psychoanalyticd.biological1 pointsQUESTION 19At a police checkpoint for drunk drivers, some cars are stopped at random; many others are not stopped. The cars that are stopped may be considered a _____ of all the cars that pass by the checkpoint.a.sampleb.populationc.variabled.cohort1 pointsQUESTION 20The ethical guidelines written by professional organizations encourage psychologists to:a.maintain accuracy in research, teaching, and practice.b.never manipulate participants in research studies.c.never use deception no matter what the circumstances.d.form their own internal review boards anywhere they are practicing or researching.1 pointsQUESTION 21Today about _____ of students earning doctorates in psychology are women.a.59%b.39%c.79%d.89%1 pointsQUESTION 22_____ was the first woman to complete all of the requirements for a PhD at Harvard University, but she was not allowed to graduate because she was a woman.a.Mamie Phipps Clarkb.Karen Horneyc.Margaret Floy Washburnd.Mary Whiton Calkins1 pointsQUESTION 23Tomas is writing a paper about the women who were early influences in the field of psychology. When discussing the contributions of Margaret Floy Washburn, he should write that:a.“Margaret Floy Washburn made an impact on the field of psychology because her teacher Edward Titchener allowed her to take credit for his work.”b.“Margaret Floy Washburn impacted the field of psychology because of her research on the treatment of mental illness.”c.“Margaret Floy Washburn was able to earn her PhD and publish scholarly work in the late 1800s because of her perseverance, despite society’s belief that women are inferior to men.”d.“Because women were perceived as inferior to men in the late 1800s, Margaret Floy Washburn was not allowed to earn a PhD in psychology.”1 pointsQUESTION 24Aristotle believed that people know their reality through their perceptions and that they learn though their sensory experiences. Today this is known as:a.individualism.b.empiricism.c.dualism.d.introspection.1 pointsQUESTION 25If there is no relationship between two variables, then the correlation coefficient would be:a.+1.00.b.-1.00.c.+2.00.d.0.1 pointsQUESTION 26Descriptive statistics:a.allow predictions beyond a data set.b.show how two or more variables are related.c.indicate the significance of the results.d.organize and present a set of data.1 pointsQUESTION 27Iyesha reads a journal article reporting a study in which a small sample of women undertook tests of spatial ability at two points during their menstrual cycle. She conducts a similar study using not only spatial ability but also verbal ability tests. In addition, Iyesha tests a larger sample of women. She is performing a:a.replication.b.control study.c.peer review.d.double-blind study.1 pointsQUESTION 28In the 1980s, research began questioning whether psychology’s findings could be applied universally. This research sparked the _____ perspective.a.socioculturalb.cognitivec.biologicald.evolutionary1 pointsQUESTION 29Dr. Segal gave Sam and Anas, identical twins separated at birth and reunited at age 25, several psychological tests to measure personality traits. This part of Dr. Segal’s research served the goal of:a.describing.b.predicting.c.explaining.d.changing.1 pointsQUESTION 30Ramona received a pill containing only sugar while participating in an experiment for anxiety. After the treatment, Ramona reported less anxiety. This was due to:a.a confounding variable.b.the placebo effect.c.random assignment.d.experimenter bias.1 pointsQUESTION 31In an experiment to test the effects of throat lozenges on children with sore throats due to a cold, some of the children were given a medicated lozenge made of sugar and some of them were given a lozenge made of sugar that did not contain any medication. In this experiment, children who received the sugar lozenge were the _____ group.a.independentb.experimentalc.confoundingd.control1 pointsQUESTION 32Characteristics of the environment or the participants that might interfere with an experiment’s outcome are called:a.extraneous variables.b.control variables.c.third variables.d.placebos.1 pointsQUESTION 33In a presentation to the students in her psychology class, Tamara discussed women’s roles in psychology’s early days and compared them to their roles in psychology today. She said, “When psychology first started in the late 1890s, women:a.dominated the field of psychology in every subfield, just as they do today.”b.weren’t allowed to earn master’s degrees or PhDs in psychology, but today most who earn such degrees are women.”c.were considered suitable for psychology but not other sciences, while today women are considered suitable for other sciences but not psychology.”d.were encouraged to earn master’s degrees and PhDs in psychology, but today women are discouraged from doing so.”1 pointsQUESTION 34If the findings of a study can be generalized to the real world and the population of interest, it has:a.reliability.b.internal validity.c.standardization.d.external validity.1 pointsQUESTION 35Tamara was interested in studying people’s attitudes toward immigration reform, so she surveyed a sample of friends from her college in Chicago. In her study, Tamara found that 63% of her friends favored immigration reform. She concluded that “The majority of people in the United States are in favor of immigration reform.” Which statement expresses the problem with Tamara’s conclusion?a.Her sample is random, but it is not representative of the U.S. population.b.Her sample is not representative of the U.S. population.c.Her sample is representative of the U.S. population but not of college students.d.Her sample is representative of college students but not of the U.S. population.1 pointsQUESTION 36Neuropsychologist Ling Chew gives half of the participants in her experiment a pill that contains a stimulant drug. She gives the other half of her participants an identical-looking pill that does not contain the drug. Dr. Chew is using a pill without the drug as a(n):a.random variable.b.confound.c.placebo.d.extraneous variable.1 pointsQUESTION 37One difference between identical twins Sam and Anas was that Anas scored higher than Sam on _____ which is consistent with her interest in _____.a.visual-spatial skills; fashion designb.memory; mathc.memory; engineeringd.visual-spatial skills; painting1 pointsQUESTION 38The inherited biological factors that shape an individual’s behaviors, personality, and other characteristics refer to that individual’s:a.psychology.b.nurture.c.innateness.d.nature.1 pointsQUESTION 39Dr. Segal’s work with Sam and Anas, and other identical twins separated at birth, could potentially help her untangle the roles of nature and nurture in a variety of areas including intelligence and psychological disorders. This part of Dr. Segal’s research serves the goal of:a.changing.b.explaining.c.describing.d.predicting.1 pointsQUESTION 40Which statement indicates a negative correlation?a.As people’s level of attractiveness decreases, their happiness level decreases.b.The more money people make, the less stressed they tend to be.c.The more people eat, the more they weigh.d.As people’s education level increases, their income level increases.1 pointsQUESTION 41An example of using the survey method to conduct scientific research would be:a.comparing students’ performance on abstract and concrete versions of problems.b.asking a group of students questions about their sexual attitudes and behaviors.c.observing the problem-solving strategies of an extremely gifted middle school student.d.recording the behaviors of sea lions in their natural habitat.1 pointsQUESTION 42Mirela is making a presentation to her psychology class about the importance of the social and cultural contexts in studying psychology. She uses the acronym WEIRD to describe one aspect of psychological bias. WEIRD refers to how psychological research focuses on:a.Western, Educated, Nonindustrialized, Rebellious, and Democratic cultures.b.Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic cultures.c.Western, Elusive, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic cultures.d.Weak, Educated, Nonindustrialized, Rebellious, and Developing cultures.1 pointsQUESTION 43Margaret Floy Washburn had a huge influence on the field of psychology in the late 1890s in that she was the first woman to:a.become a patient of Sigmund Freud.b.become president of the American Psychological Association.c.be granted a PhD in psychology from an elite college.d.complete the requirements for a PhD at an all-male college.1 pointsQUESTION 44Penny is a recovering drug addict. Her treatment program emphasizes an understanding of the reinforcers in the environment—the “people, places, and things”—that underlie her addiction. Her program reflects the _____ perspective of psychology.a.socioculturalb.cognitivec.behaviorald.psychoanalytic1 pointsQUESTION 45Dr. Villatte is overseeing a naturalistic observation study of children’s aggression. He notices that male and female research assistants vary in how they rate the aggressiveness of girls’ behaviors. Dr. Villatte suspects the presence of _____ bias.a.naturalisticb.samplec.observerd.participant1 pointsQUESTION 46Naturalistic observation involves systematic observations of individuals in their natural environment. It is important that the researchers observe unobtrusively. However, an ethical issue involved in naturalistic observation is the fact that the:a.researchers don’t know which variable they are observing.b.individuals being observed don’t consent to participate in the research.c.researchers can’t control unwanted variables that may appear.d.researchers must operationally define the variables before observing them.1 pointsQUESTION 47Amy is conducting a survey of dating attitudes and behaviors among young adults as part of her master’s thesis work. Amy distributes questionnaires to 200 randomly selected students enrolled in an introductory psychology class at her university. The 200 students are Amy’s _____. The people to whom she assumes her results will generalize are the _____.a.experimental group; populationb.population; samplec.sample; populationd.control group; sample1 pointsQUESTION 48DeAndre is a graduate student conducting research for his master’s thesis. For his study, he is recording instances of physical aggression as he watches children in a schoolyard at recess. DeAndre is undertaking:a.naturalistic observation.b.a case study.c.an experiment.d.a survey.1 pointsQUESTION 49The first African American psychologist to earn a PhD was:a.Francis Sumner.b.George Sanchez.c.Inez Beverley Prosser.d.Kenneth Clark.1 pointsQUESTION 50The scientific method:a.ensures that all variables have full reliability and validity.b.helps to minimize the impact of human errors in thinking.c.removes experimenter bias from having an impact on research.d.removes participant bias from having an impact on research.
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