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Psychology
The Science of Behavior
Seventh Edition

Neil R. Carlson,
Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth,
John W. Donahoe, and
G. Neil Martin
Prepared by Linda Fayard
Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

Sensation
Sensory Processing
Vision
Audition
The Chemical Senses
The Somatosenses

Sensory Coding

The codes used by the sensory systems to transmit information to the brain
Two general forms:
Anatomical coding
Temporal coding

Psychophysics

Studies the relationship between physical stimuli and perceptual experience
Just Noticeable Difference (JND) – smallest difference in a stimulus that a person can detect
Signal-detection theory – a mathematical theory of the detection of stimuli

Figure 6.2: Hypothetical Range of Perceived Brightness (in jnds) as a Function of Intensity

Figure 6.3: Four Possibilities in Judging the Presence or Absence of a Stimulus

Figure 6.4: A Receiver-Operating-Characteristic (ROC) Curve

Figure 6.5: Two ROC Curves

Vision

Light
The Eye and Its Functions
Transduction of Light by Photoreceptors
Adaptation to Light and Dark
Eye Movements
Color Vision

Light
Figure 6.6: The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Eye and Its Functions
Figure 6.7: A Cross Section of the Human Eye

The Eye and Its Functions
Figure 6.7: Lenses Used to Correct Nearsightedness and Farsightedness

Adaptation to Light and Dark

When you enter a dark room after being in a brightly lit room or in sunlight, it takes some time to adjust your eyes to the dark.
Dark adaptation – process of being able to distinguish dimly illuminated objects after going from a bright region into a dark one

Transduction of Light by Photoreceptors
Figure 6.12: Transduction of Light into Neural Activity

Eye Movements

Conjugate movements – require both eyes to remain fixed on the same target
Saccadic movements – abrupt shifts in gaze from one point to another
Pursuit movements – include tracking a moving object

Color Vision
Figure 6.14: Hue, Brightness, and Saturation

Figure 15: Additive Color Mixing

Hue: related to wavelength

Brightness: related to intensity of light

Saturation: related to purity

Figure 6.16: Additive Color Mixing and Paint Mixing

Figure 6.17: A Negative Afterimage

Defects in Color Vision

Protanopia: red cones filled with green photopigment

Deuteranopia: green cones filled with red photopigment

Tritanopia: lack of blue cones

Audition

The Ear and Its Functions

Detection and Localizing Sounds in the Environment

Sound
Figure 6.19: Sound Waves

Figure 6.20: The Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound Waves

The Ear and Its Functions
Figure 6.21: Anatomy of the Auditory System

Figure 6.22: Response to Sound Waves

Figure 6.23: The Transduction of Sound Vibrations in the Auditory System

Detecting and Localizing Sounds in the Environment

Pitch and loudness
Timbre
Perception of environmental sounds
Locating the source of a sound

Detecting and Localizing Sounds in the Environment
Two systems:

Low frequency – difference in arrival time

High frequency – difference in intensity

Figure 6.26: Localizing the Source of High-Frequency Sounds

Gustation

Taste Receptors and the Sensory Pathway

The Five Qualities of Taste
Bitterness
Sourness
Sweetness
Saltiness
Umami

Olfaction

Anatomy of the Olfactory System

Figure 6.30: The Olfactory System

The Dimension of Odor

Humans can recognize up to 10,000 different odors
Not yet known exactly which molecules stimulate which receptors

The Somatosenses

The Skin Senses
Touch and pressure
Temperature
Pain
The Internal Senses
The Vestibular Senses

The Skin Senses
Figure 6.32: Sensory Receptors

Figure 6.33: The Method for Determining the Two-Point Discrimination Threshold

The Internal Senses

There are sensory receptors located in our internal organs, bones and joints, and muscles that convey painful, neutral, and in some cases pleasurable sensory information

The Vestibular Senses

Sense of balance
Vestibular apparatus – contributes to balance and head movement
Semicircular canal – responds to

rotational movement of head

Vestibular sac – detects change

in the tilt of the head

Figure 6.34: The Three Semicircular Canals and Two Vestibular Sacs in the Inner Ear

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