In consumer goods industries, many multinational enterprises (MNEs) often adopt different strategies (e.g. international, multinational/multi-domestic, global strategies) to manage their globally dispersed valueadding activities, and accordingly their subsidiaries also play different roles (e.g. implementer, local entrepreneur, field commander) to implement their headquarters’ strategies. For consumer goods companies such as Unilever and Procter and Gamble, (a) what kind of strategies (i.e. international, multinational/multi-domestic, global) do you think they should adopt for downstream sales-related and upstream production-related activities respectively? and (b) what types of roles (i.e. implementer, local entrepreneur, field commander) should their overseas sales subsidiaries and production subsidiaries play? And why?